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تاسيسات ساختمان واثرات زلزله بر آن

پس از پايان عمليات اجرايي ساختمان و تحويل آن به استفاده ­کنندگان نهايي و شروع بهره ­برداري از ساختمان، تنها قسمت ساختمان که بطور مداوم و پويا در حال سرويس ­دهي و تغيير و تحول است، قسمت­هاي تاسيساتي ساختمان است. تا جائيکه مي­ گويند « قلب تپنده ساختمان تاسيسات است».

بهره­ برداران ساختمان­ ها از همان روزهاي اول بهره­ برداري شروع به استفاده و به کارگيري تاسيسات ساختمان مي­ کنند. بدين ترتيب شروع عمر مفيد ادوات، تجهيزات و سيستم­هاي تاسيساتي ساختمان، ابتداي دوره بهره ­برداري ساختمان محسوب مي ­شود، که بطور ذاتي عمر مفيد اين تجهيزات و سيستم­ ها از ساير بخش­هاي ساختمان کمتر است.

از جمله وظايف تيم­ ها و اکيپ­ هاي تعمير و نگهداري ايجاد هماهنگي بين عمر مفيد قسمت­ ها و سيستم­هاي تاسيساتي با عمر مفيد ساير بخش­هاي ساختمان مانند سازه، مواد و مصالح بنايي و ساير ادوات به کار گرفته شده در ساختمان­ هاست. تعويض قطعات فرسوده، سرويس و بازرسي ماهانه- سالانه سيستم­ ها، تهيه چک ليست­ هاي بازرسي، بهينه کردن سيستم­ ها و اعمالي از اين قبيل مواردي هستند که اکيپ­ هاي تعمير و نگهداري در راستاي اين هدف انجام مي­ دهند.

در ساختمان هاي امروزي تاسيسات بطور تخصصي به دو بخش تاسيسات مکانيکي و تاسيسات الکتريکي تقسيم مي­ شوند که تعاملي همه جانبه بين اين دو برقرار است.

در اجراي قسمت­هاي تاسيساتي ساختمان بدليل آسيب ­پذيري و داشتن عمر مفيد کم، تبعيت از استاندارد براي اجراي صحيح بسيار اهميت دارد. هرگونه اشکال و ايرادي در سيستم­هاي تاسيساتي اولاً بهره ­برداري از ساختمان را با مشکل مواجه مي­کند. ثانياً به ساير قسمت­هاي ساختمان آسيب مي­ رساند و متعاقب آن باعث کاهش عمر مفيد کل بدنه ساختمان مي ­شود. بعنوان مثال نشت سيستم آبرساني در لايه­ هاي زير سطح ساختمان موجب آسيب به ايستايي ساختمان مي­ شود.

تاسيسات مکانيکي

تاسيسات مکانيکي در ساختمانهاي امروزي دربرگيرنده سيستم آبرساني، جمع­ آوري و دفع فاضلاب و آب باران، سيستم گرمايش، سرمايش و گازرساني است. ضوابط و استانداردهاي بسياري در طرح و اجراي اين سيستم­ها وجود دارد که در کشور ما پس از تدوين مقررات ملي ساختمان قسمت­هايي بصورت دسته­ بندي شده در قالب قوانين و ضوابط لازم­ الاجرا در اختيار مهندسين و پيمانکاران قرار گرفت.

مباحث دوازده تا نوزدهم از جمله مباحثي از مقررات ملی ساختمان هستند که به تاسيسات مکانيکي ساختمان پرداخته­ اند و کليه مهندسان در طرح و نظارت و کليه مجريان و پيمانکاران در اجراي ساختمان ملزم به رعايت آنها هستند.

سيستم آبرساني

طرح و اجراي صحيح سيستم آبرساني علاوه بر کمک به تأمين بهداشت و آسايش ساکنان ساختمان، موجب جلوگيري از خسارات احتمالي مي ­شود.

  • به کارگيري مصالح و مواد مورد تائيد سازمانهاي ذيربط و توليدات داراي گواهينامه فني معتبر، عملکرد طولاني مدت و مطمئن سيستم آبرساني را تضمين مي­کند.
  • انشعاب از شبکه آبرساني آب شرب شهري مي­ بايستي توسط متخصصان اين امر و برابر مقررات و جزئيات شرکت آب و فاضلاب منطقه­ اي باشد. تا در صورت لزوم و در مواقع اضطرار اقدام به تعمير، قطع يا تعويض انشعاب شود.
  • بدليل کمبود آب در برخي فصول و نياز به ذخيره آب آشاميدني، نصب منابع ذخيره آب امري ضروري است. محل نصب منبع ذخيره ممکن است در ترازهاي پاييني ساختمان يا روي بام و در ارتفاع باشد. که هر کدام الزامات خاصی را طلب مي­ کند. براي منابع مرتفع و منابعي که در روي بام نصب مي ­شوند مي­بايستي سازه ساختمان جهت تحمل وزن منابع طراحي ويژه شده باشد.
  • لوله­ کشي سيستم آبرساني شامل دو مدار آبسرد و آبگرم است که مي­ بايستي هر دو مدار با فشار حداقل 10 بار تست و مورد آزمايش نشتي قرار گيرند. بطور کلي براي آزمايش سيستم­هاي لوله­ کشي بايد سيستم با فشار 1.5 برابر فشار طراحي مورد آزمايش قرار گيرند.
  • کليه اتصالات و شيرآلات به کار گرفته شده در يک سيستم آبرساني بايد با يکديگر مطابقت داشته و شرايط کاري آنها متناسب با نوع کاربري سيستم باشد.

سيستم جمع­ آوري و دفع فاضلاب

ساختمان با هر نوع کاربري که باشد در صورت مصرف آب، بدون شک توليد فاضلاب نيز دارد تا جائيکه طبق آمار بيش از 95 درصد آب مصرفي در ساختمانها به فاضلاب تبديل مي­شود. جمع­آوري و هدايت اين فاضلاب بر عهده شبکه لوله­کشي فاضلاب داخل ساختمان است.

  • مصالح مورد استفاده در شبکه لوله­کشي فاضلاب علاوه بر داشتن مهر استاندارد و کواهينامه­هاي معتبر مي­بايستي داراي عمر مفيد بالا و استقامت فيزيکي مناسب باشند.
  • بدليل خاصيت خرندگي فاضلاب، هرگونه نشت فاضلاب موجب تخريب بتن و مصالح فلزي مي­شود لزا پس از اجراي عمليات لوله­کشي فاضلاب تست و آزمايش نشتي مي­بايستي بصورت منطقه­اي و سراسري صورت گيرد.
  • مسير عبور لوله­هاي فاضلاب بايد به گونه­اي باشد که اولاً در حين اجراي ساختمان و در ثاني در حين بهره­برداري از هر گونه آسيب فيزيکي مصون باشد.
  • بدليل اينکه جمع­آوري فاضلاب بصورت ثقلي انجام مي­شود در اجراي سيستم لوله­کشي رعايت شيب­بندي مطابق استاندارد ضروري است چرا که در غير اينصورت تخليه فاضلاب به کندي صورت مي­گيرد و در برخي موارد امکانپذير نيست.
  • حتي­المقدور مسير عبور لوله­هاي فاضلاب در داخل مصالح و بصورت توکار نباشد و از شافت­ها و فضاهاي تاسيساتي استفاده شود.

دفع فاضلاب به چهار طريق امکانپذير است: 1- هدايت فاضلاب به چاه جذبي  2- هدايت فاضلاب به سپتيک تانک و تصفيه اوليه فاضلاب و دفع پساب­ها 3- هدايت فاضلاب به شبکه فاضلاب شهري يا اگو 4- تصفيه کامل فاضلاب در تصفيه خانه

با توجه به اينکه بهره­برداري از شبکه فاضلاب شهري هنوز شروع نشده و همچنين عدم امکان بهره­برداري از تصفيه خانه­هاي فاضلاب با در مقياسهاي کوچک تنها گزينه­هاي مرسوم و اجرايي استفاده از چاه جذبي و سپتيک تانک­هاست.

  • حفر چاه جذبي در زمين­هايي که از استحکام کافي برخوردار نيستند و يا قابليت جذب آب را ندارند و يا نفوذ آب در آنها باعث از دادن استحکام آنها مي­شود ممنوع و غير اصولي است.
  • در هنگام حفر چاه بايد بدنه چاه با مصالحي که جذب آب را مختل نکند پوشش داده شود تا با نفوذ آب خاک ريزش نکند.
  • ريزش فاضلاب در داخل چاه يا منهولهاي فاضلاب بايد به گونه­اي باشد که موجب شسته­شدن چاه يا مسير عبور فاضلاب نشود.
  • روي چاه بايد تحمل بارهاي وارده از قبيل عابرين پياده و وزن خوروهاي پارک شده را داشته باشد.

تاسيسات الکتريکي

تاسيسات الکتريکي در ساختمانهاي امروزي شامل سيستم روشنايي، سيستم برق رساني، سيستم تلفن، تغذيه برق تجهيزات و ادوات، درب بازکن، آنتن و … است. که تعدد و تنوع اين سيستم­ها به نوع ساختمان و انواع کاربري­هاي آن بستگي دارد.

در طرح و اجراي تاسيسات الکتريکي ساختمانهاي مسکوني ضوابط مبحث دوازدهم، سيزدهم، پانزدهم و نوزدهم مقررات ملي ساختمان بايد مد نظر قرار گيرد.

بدليل حساسيت و خطرپذيري بالاي سيستم­هاي تاسيسات الکتريکي، علاوه بر به کارگيري مواد و مصالح مرغوب و استاندارد در اجرا، رعايت برخي نکات نيز ضروري است.

  • رعايت استانداردهاي مربوط به ايمني تاسيسات الکتريکي مانند استاندارد ملي 1937 ضروري است.
  • مسير عبور سيم و کابل­ها بايد به گونه­اي باشد که حداقل آسيب فيزيکي به آنها وارد شود.
  • تجهيزات و لوازم الکتريکي و مدارهاي تغذيه آنها بايد مجهز به فيوز و ادوات حفاظتي ويژه مخصوص اضافه بار و نشت جريان باشند تا در موقع بروز هر گونه مشکلي مدار را قطع کنند.

تاسيسات و مواجهه با زلزله

در هنگام زلزله ساختمان و کليه مواد و مصالح و سيستم­هاي داخل آن با شرايط خاصي مواجه مي­شوند که ناشي از تکان­هاي زلزله است. در زلزله­هاي شديد که موجب تخريب­هاي گسترده مي­شود در ابتدا ضعيف­ترين بخش­هاي ساختمان که همان قسمت­هاي تاسيساتي هستند تخريب مي­شوند. در برخي موارد از کار افتادن و تخريب تاسيسات ابتداي تخريبهاي بعدي است.

در زلزله­هاي با شدت کم نيز در صورت پايداري سازه و بدنه ساختمان احتمال آسيب­هاي کلي و جزئي به تاسيسات وجود دارد. رعايت برخي نکات مي­تواند درصد قابل توجهي از اين خسارات را کاهش دهد که در ادامه به آنها پرداخته مي­شود:

  • لازم است در اجراي سيستم لوله­کشي براي جلوگيري از انتقال ارتعاشات ناشي از کار خود سيستم و ارتعاشات فيزيکي وارد به سيستم از قطعات لزره­گير استفاده شود.
  • در لوله­کشي سيستم­هاي تاسيسات مکانيکي از اتصالات و فيتينگ­هايي استفاده شود که قابليت ضربه خواري داشته باشند يا اصطلاحاً از جنس خشک نباشند. در اين راستا استفاده از لوله­هاي پليمري به جاي لوله­هاي فولادي توصيه مي­شود.
  • ادوات و تجهيزات حساس که در فشار و دماهاي بالا کار مي­کنند مجهز به کليد­هاي قطع حساس به لرزه باشند.
  • مسيرهاي ورود سوخت مايع يا گاز مجهز به شيرهاي قطع حساس به لرزه يا اصطلاحاً شير قطع زلزله باشند.
  • سيستم لوله­کشي گاز طبيعي به گونه­اي طرح و اجرا شود که در صورت بروز لرزه اتصالات و شيرآلات نشتي نداشته باشند.
  • سيستم لوله­کشي در داخل موتورخانه و در داخل شافتهاي تاسيساتي ساختمان با ساپورت و تکيه­گاه­هاي مناسب مهار شود.
  • برخي از تجهيزات که بصورت آويز از سقف نصب مي­شوند مانند فن کويلهاي کانالهاي، دستگاه­هاي هواساز، کولرهايي که در سقف کاذب نصب مي­شوند و مانند اينها بايد به خوبي مهار شده و ساپورت مناسب براي آنها تعبيه شود تا در صورت بروز ارتعاش سقوط آنها موجب آسيب رساندن به انسانها نشود.
  • منابع آبي که در روي بام نصب مي­شوند در هنگام زلزله رفتار سازه­اي خاصي خواهند داشت که موجب تشديد تخريب سازه خواهد شد لزا متناسب با حجم منبع مهندس طراح سازه بايد سازه ساختمان را آناليز کند و در مرحله اجرا موارد مورد لزوم لحاظ شود. بدين ترتيب در صورتيکه ساختمان اجرا شده و مالک قصد نصب منبع آب يا هر وسيله ديگري که داراي وزن زياد است روي بام ساختمان را دارد بايد پس از مشاوره گرفتن از مهندسين ذيصلاح اقدام به تقويت سازه يا بخش­هايي از ساختمان کند.
  • کوچکترين نشت آب از اتصالات لوله ­کشي نشانه ضعيف بودن آن اتصال است که طبعاً در صورت بروز زلزله اين موضوع تشديد خواهد شد.
  • خطرناکترين موضوع در هنگام زلزله آشکار شدن نشت فاضلاب و نشست زمين و سست شدن خاک زير سطح ساختمان است. ريزش ديوارها و يا انباره چاه فاضلاب نيز از ديگر موارد آن است. براي جلوگيري از اين موضوع بايد در هنگام اجراي لوله­ کشي جمع­آوري فاضلاب نهايت دقت و نظارت صورت گيرد. تهيه بستر مناسب براي لوله­هاي فاضلاب اتصال مناسب و محکم زانوها وسه راهي­ها و تست دقيق لوله­ها از اين گونه اقدامات است.
  • همچنين پس از زمين لرزه­ها احتمال شکستگي و يا نشت لوله­هايي که در خاک مدفون هستند نيز وجود دارد که مي­ بايستي با بررسي دقيق از آن مطلع شد چرا که اين خود عاملي مخرب در آينده است.
  • عبور لوله­هاي فاضلاب از مسيرهايي که محل تردد خودروهاي سنگين است يا در داخل پارکينگ حتي­المقدور صورت نگيرد.
  • آسانسورها بايد مجهز به سيستم­هاي ايمني باشند تا در صورت بروز زلزله استفاده کنندگان در داخل کابين حبس نشوند و امکان تماس با بيرون را داشته باشند. همچنين در هنگام زلزله برق دستگاه قطع و امکان خروج ايمن مسافران از آسانسور باشد.
  • مجموعه ريل­ها و شاسي آسانسور تحمل لرزه­ هاي وارده را داشته باشد و سيستم ترمز آسانسور براي چنين شرايطي طراحي شده باشد.
  • پاره شدن و سقوط کابل­ هاي برق در معابر از جمله مواردي است که در اکثر زلزله­ ها با آن مواجه هستيم که موجب خسارتهايي نيز مي­شود.
  • تابلوهاي اصلي برق خصوصاً تابلوهاي با جريان برق سه فاز و ولتاژ بالا مجهز به کليد قطع زلزله باشند.
  • سيستم برق اضطراري در ساختمانهاي عمومي بايد براي شرايط زلزله طراحي شده باشد تا در بدترين حالت امکان استفاده از آن فراهم باشد.

نویسنده: مسعود خانی بختیاری

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